1. 结构体、集合和高阶函数
通常你在应用中定义了一个结构体，那么你也可能需要这个结构体的（指针）对象集合，比如：
type Any interface{}
type Car struct {
Model string
Manufacturer string
BuildYear int
// ...
}
type Cars []*Car
在定义所需功能时我们可以利用函数可以作为（其它函数的）参数的事实来使用高阶函数，例如：
1）定义一个通用的 Process() 函数，它接收一个作用于每一辆 car 的 f 函数作参数：
// Process all cars with the given function f:
func (cs Cars) Process(f func(car *Car)) {
for _, c := range cs {
f(c)
}
}
2）在上面的基础上，实现一个查找函数来获取子集合，并在 Process() 中传入一个闭包执行（这样就可以访问局部切片 cars）：
// Find all cars matching a given criteria.
func (cs Cars) FindAll(f func(car *Car) bool) Cars {
cars := make([]*Car, 0)
cs.Process(func(c *Car) {
if f(c) {
cars = append(cars, c)
}
})
return cars
}
3）实现 Map 功能，产出除 car 对象以外的东西：
// Process cars and create new data.
func (cs Cars) Map(f func(car *Car) Any) []Any {
result := make([]Any, 0)
ix := 0
cs.Process(func(c *Car) {
result[ix] = f(c)
ix++
})
return result
}
现在我们可以定义下面这样的具体查询：
allNewBMWs := allCars.FindAll(func(car *Car) bool {
return (car.Manufacturer == “BMW”) && (car.BuildYear > 2010)
})
4）我们也可以根据入参返回不同的函数。也许我们想根据不同的厂商添加汽车到不同的集合，但是这可能会是多变的。所以我们可以定义一个函数来产生特定的添加函数和 map 集：
func MakeSortedAppender(manufacturers[]string)(func(car*Car),map[string]Cars) {
// Prepare maps of sorted cars.
sortedCars := make(map[string]Cars)
for _, m := range manufacturers {
sortedCars[m] = make([]*Car, 0)
}
sortedCars[“Default”] = make([]*Car, 0)
// Prepare appender function:
appender := func(c *Car) {
if _, ok := sortedCars[c.Manufacturer]; ok {
sortedCars[c.Manufacturer] = append(sortedCars[c.Manufacturer], c)
} else {
sortedCars[“Default”] = append(sortedCars[“Default”], c)
}
}
return appender, sortedCars
}
现在我们可以用它把汽车分类为独立的集合，像这样：
manufacturers := []string{“Ford”, “Aston Martin”, “Land Rover”, “BMW”, “Jaguar”}
sortedAppender, sortedCars := MakeSortedAppender(manufacturers)
allUnsortedCars.Process(sortedAppender)
BMWCount := len(sortedCars[“BMW”])
我们让这些代码在下面的程序 cars.go 中执行：
示例 11.18 cars.go：
// cars.go
package main
import (
"fmt"
)
type Any interface{}
type Car struct {
Model string
Manufacturer string
BuildYear int
// ...
}
type Cars []*Car
func main() {
// make some cars:
ford := &Car{"Fiesta","Ford", 2008}
bmw := &Car{"XL 450", "BMW", 2011}
merc := &Car{"D600", "Mercedes", 2009}
bmw2 := &Car{"X 800", "BMW", 2008}
// query:
allCars := Cars([]*Car{ford, bmw, merc, bmw2})
allNewBMWs := allCars.FindAll(func(car *Car) bool {
return (car.Manufacturer == "BMW") && (car.BuildYear > 2010)
})
fmt.Println("AllCars: ", allCars)
fmt.Println("New BMWs: ", allNewBMWs)
//
manufacturers := []string{"Ford", "Aston Martin", "Land Rover", "BMW", "Jaguar"}
sortedAppender, sortedCars := MakeSortedAppender(manufacturers)
allCars.Process(sortedAppender)
fmt.Println("Map sortedCars: ", sortedCars)
BMWCount := len(sortedCars["BMW"])
fmt.Println("We have ", BMWCount, " BMWs")
}
// Process all cars with the given function f:
func (cs Cars) Process(f func(car *Car)) {
for _, c := range cs {
f(c)
}
}
// Find all cars matching a given criteria.
func (cs Cars) FindAll(f func(car *Car) bool) Cars {
cars := make([]*Car, 0)
cs.Process(func(c *Car) {
if f(c) {
cars = append(cars, c)
}
})
return cars
}
// Process cars and create new data.
func (cs Cars) Map(f func(car *Car) Any) []Any {
result := make([]Any, len(cs))
ix := 0
cs.Process(func(c *Car) {
result[ix] = f(c)
ix++
})
return result
}
func MakeSortedAppender(manufacturers []string) (func(car *Car), map[string]Cars) {
// Prepare maps of sorted cars.
sortedCars := make(map[string]Cars)
for _, m := range manufacturers {
sortedCars[m] = make([]*Car, 0)
}
sortedCars["Default"] = make([]*Car, 0)
// Prepare appender function:
appender := func(c *Car) {
if _, ok := sortedCars[c.Manufacturer]; ok {
sortedCars[c.Manufacturer] = append(sortedCars[c.Manufacturer], c)
} else {
sortedCars["Default"] = append(sortedCars["Default"], c)
}
}
return appender, sortedCars
}
输出：
AllCars: [0xf8400038a0 0xf840003bd0 0xf840003ba0 0xf840003b70]
New BMWs: [0xf840003bd0]
Map sortedCars: map[Default:[0xf840003ba0] Jaguar:[] Land Rover:[] BMW:[0xf840003bd0 0xf840003b70] Aston Martin:[] Ford:[0xf8400038a0]]
We have 2 BMWs